Role of Siderophores in Plants: Mechanisms, Ecological Functions, and Agricultural Significance
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Description
Iron (Fe) is a crucial micronutrient essential for plant growth and microbial metabolism, yet its bioavailability in soil is often limited due to the poor solubility of ferric iron (Fe³⁺). To overcome this limitation, microorganisms and plants secrete siderophores with low-molecular-weight, high-affinity Fe-chelating compounds that mobilize Fe³⁺ and enhance its uptake. Siderophores play a crucial role in the rhizosphere by improving plant nutrition, promoting growth, and suppressing phytopathogens. This review summarizes the classification, mechanisms, and ecological roles of siderophores, emphasizing their applications in sustainable agriculture, environmental remediation, and plant health management. Advances in genomics and biotechnology highlight siderophores as key biomolecules for eco-friendly nutrient acquisition and biological control strategies.