Book

Influenza D virus (IDV), an emerging member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, circulates predominantly in cattle but has also been detected in other mammalian hosts. Despite its veterinary significance and potential for cross-species transmission, its molecular epidemiology in Central Asia remains insufficiently understood. This research monograph investigates IDV circulation among domestic cattle and Altai marals in Kazakhstan. Drawing on 395 nasal swab specimens—350 from cattle and 45 from marals—collected in Zhetysu and East Kazakhstan, the study integrates RT-PCR, Sanger sequencing, metagenomic next-generation sequencing, bioinformatic analysis, phylogenetic reconstruction, and virus isolation in MDCK cell culture. IDV RNA was detected in 17 specimens (15 bovine and two maral). Analysis of the PB1 and HEF gene regions supported molecular identification, while cell culture yielded an isolate designated D/Bovine/Zhetysu/2058/2024. Phylogenetic analysis of partial gene sequences placed the isolate within the D/OK lineage. Combining original laboratory findings with a critical examination of IDV biology, global distribution, host diversity, and diagnostic approaches, this book underscores the importance of integrated veterinary surveillance and further genomic investigation. It offers a scientific resource for virologists, veterinary professionals, molecular epidemiologists, and One Health researchers while distinguishing demonstrated animal circulation from unanswered questions about human infection.